Excess amino acids not used, are broken down in aprocess of deamination. In this process the amino group NH2 ofthe amino acid is removed and used to form ammonia. Theammonia is taken into the ornithine cycle which is a series ofreactions resulting to the formation of urea, a less toxic substancethan ammonia. The process is summarised as shown in theequation at the bottom of the page: The urea formed is releasedinto the blood stream and is eventually passed out in the urinethrough the kidney. DetoxificationSome of the metabolic activities of the liver result into theproduction of toxic substances which if left to accumulate, woulddestroy or harm the tissues of the body. The liver also receivesharmful substances AUTHOR , food or drinks. It thereforemakes these substances harmless and eliminate the substances inharmless forms in a process called detoxification. The liver cellsthrough oxidation, reduction, and combination with othersubstances carry out this process of detoxification. For example,hydrogen peroxide produced AUTHOR brokendown AUTHOR water and oxygen which areharmless. This enzyme is found in the liver. You will investigate thisaspect in NAME 4 .ThermoregulationThe liver carries out many metabolic reactions some beingendothermic while others are exothermic. Under conditions of lowtemperature the hypothalamus sends impulses to liver to increaseexothermic reactions producing more heat that is distributedthroughout the body AUTHOR worn out red blood cells is also broken down inthe liver and the residual pigments urochrome which give urine ayellow tinge is eliminated AUTHOR , bilirubin excreted via bilejuice into alimentary canal. Regulation of Plasma ProteinsPlasma protein are important components of the body. Majority ofthem are synthesised from amino acids in the liver. These includealbumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin and antibodies. Many of these areinvolved in regulatory mechanism of homeostasis. Digesting anddeaminating excess proteins also regulate their quantities. Erythrocytes have a life span of about 120 days after which they aretaken to the liver where they are broken down. Haemoglobin isbroken into a haem group and globin.


Many of these areinvolved in regulatory mechanism of homeostasis. Digesting anddeaminating excess proteins also regulate their quantities. Erythrocytes have a life span of about 120 days after which they aretaken to the liver where they are broken down. Haemoglobin isbroken into a haem group and globin. Globin is digested into aminoacids and enters the amino acid pool while the haem group ischanged in biliverdin and bilirubin and taken to gall bladder. Theseare later released into the gut as bile and then passed out throughfaeces. These two substances give faeces its characteristic browncolour. Other functions of the liver include the manufacture of redblood cells during the foetus stage, formation and elimination ofexcess cholesterol which is an important component cell membrane,regulation of fat metabolism, storage of blood, storage of vitaminsB, C, E, K and minerals. The other major function of the liver is blood sugar regulation. This will be discussed under homeostasis. NAME 4To investigate the effect of enzyme catalase on hydrogenperoxideCatalase is an enzyme present in living tissues of plants andanimals. Its role in living tissues is to break down hydrogenperoxide H2O2 produced during cellular respiration. Hydrogenperoxide is a highly toxic chemical substance which should not beallowed to accumulate in the tissues. RequirementsFresh piece of liver, 20 hydrogen peroxide, boiling tube, woodensplint, source of heat, scalpel and measuring cylinder. Procedure1. Measure 2 cm3 of the 20 hydrogen peroxide and put this inthe boiling tube.2. Cut a small piece of liver and put it into the boiling tube.3. Immediately test for the gas being produced using a glowingsplint.4. Record your observations.5. Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.6. What do you conclude from the experiment? NAME and DisordersLiver CirrhosisThis is the contraction and hardening of the liver due to death ofliver cells. A fibrous tissue replaces the dead cells. The disease iscaused AUTHOR such as alcohol, attack byeither bacteria or virus and liver parasites. Symptoms are slow in development and are normally seenwhen the disease is at advanced stages.


What do you conclude from the experiment? NAME and DisordersLiver CirrhosisThis is the contraction and hardening of the liver due to death ofliver cells. A fibrous tissue replaces the dead cells. The disease iscaused AUTHOR such as alcohol, attack byeither bacteria or virus and liver parasites. Symptoms are slow in development and are normally seenwhen the disease is at advanced stages. These symptoms includebody weakness, loss of weight, indigestion, poor appetite, pain inthe upper right quarter of the abdomen and occasional vomiting ofbloody material. If a large portion of liver is damaged, death mayresult. Control and Treatment a Avoid excess alcohol intake. B Avoid fatty diet. C Take adequate diet and varied easily digestible food. D Have bed rest most of the time. E Low salt intake. F Consult a doctor. HepatitisThis is the inflammation of the liver. It is a viral disease and twotypes are known namely: Hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis A is morecommon among children and young adults. It is infectious and is passed from one person to anotherthrough contact of body fluids, contaminated food, milk and water. The symptoms appear between two to six weeks. These includeloss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, jaundice yellow of skin andabdominal pain. Hepatitis B is common in adults. It is transmittedthrough contaminated injections, instruments and other implementsthat pierce the skin and lead to exchange of fluids such as blood,semen and saliva. Symptoms appear between three to four months. Hepatitis B is more serious than A because it is difficult to cure andcause more deaths. ControlProper disposal of sewage, vaccination, bed rest, and prescribeddiet. JaundiceThis is characterised AUTHOR and skin. Itresults from failure of the liver to excrete all the bile pigments fromred blood cell haemoglobin breakdown. The bile pigmentaccumulates in blood and hence the yellowing of the skin. Thishappens due to blockage of bile duct or destruction of the liver as incirrhosis and hepatitis or mass destruction of red blood cells incirculation as in erythroblastosis foetalis. HomeostasisAn organism lives in an environment that keeps on changing inmany of its factors, for example temperature, availability of water,food and fresh air.


Itresults from failure of the liver to excrete all the bile pigments fromred blood cell haemoglobin breakdown. The bile pigmentaccumulates in blood and hence the yellowing of the skin. Thishappens due to blockage of bile duct or destruction of the liver as incirrhosis and hepatitis or mass destruction of red blood cells incirculation as in erythroblastosis foetalis. HomeostasisAn organism lives in an environment that keeps on changing inmany of its factors, for example temperature, availability of water,food and fresh air. Similarly, changes occur in the body of theorganism due to the different metabolic activities and the effectsbrought about AUTHOR the environment. Many ofthese changes disrupt biological reactions being carried out in theorganism and lead to adverse effects on the health of the organism. A process that adjusts these changes in the body of an organism tooptimum standards or levels and therefore brings about a steadystate is called homeostasis. To understand the mechanism of homeostasis, there is need todistinguish two aspects of the environment to the organism that is,internal and external environments. The external environment is the immediate surrounding of theorganism. It may be aquatic or terrestrial. The internal environmentis the immediate surrounding of the body cells. It is the tissue orinterstitial fluid which surrounds cells in the body. It is formed fromblood plasma in capillaries. There are also other factors in theintercellular fluid that tend to fluctuate. These include osmoticpressure, temperature, ionic concentration and pH. These factorsthat must be kept at steady state or equilibrium in order for thecells to function properly. Principles of HomeostasisVarious body systems such as circulatory, excretory, endocrine hormonal and nervous, work in a co-ordinated way to bring abouthomeostasis. In order to maintain a state of balance in the internalenvironment, these systems work on a feed back mechanism. There are two types of feedback mechanisms: a Negative feedbackWhen a factor in the body such as temperature or blood sugarlevel drops below or shoots above the normal, it is detected andcorrective action is taken. Such an action is either: i An increase in the level if it was dropping or ii A decrease in the level if it was increasing. The response bringing about such corrective measures is callednegative feedback. It restores the condition to normal. Fig.


In order to maintain a state of balance in the internalenvironment, these systems work on a feed back mechanism. There are two types of feedback mechanisms: a Negative feedbackWhen a factor in the body such as temperature or blood sugarlevel drops below or shoots above the normal, it is detected andcorrective action is taken. Such an action is either: i An increase in the level if it was dropping or ii A decrease in the level if it was increasing. The response bringing about such corrective measures is callednegative feedback. It restores the condition to normal. Fig. 4.8: A generalised scheme of a homeostatic control process b Positive feedbackIn positive feedback, a change below or above the normal is notcorrected. Instead, what is meant to be corrective action leadsto further undesirable change from the normal as illustrated inthe figure 4.8 above. Role of Hypothalamus in Thermo-regulationThe hypothalamus is a small region between the cerebrum andcerebellum part of the brain. It acts as a thermo-regulatory centre. It has numerous temperature receptor cells which detect theslightest changes in body temperature. The external temperatureaffecting the body is determined AUTHOR relay the impulse to the hypothalamus throughthe sensory nerves. The internal temperatures are detected AUTHOR flows in the brain. The hypothalamus also controls other homeostatic processese.g. Osmoregulation and blood sugar regulation. Skin and Thermo-regulationThe mammalian skin plays a very important role inthermoregulation. The parts of the skin that are concerned withthermo-regulation are:Sweat GlandsSome animal possesses sweat glands on their skin. When the bodytemperature increases, the sweat glands increase the rate of sweatproduction. Water in the sweat evaporates AUTHOR latent heat of vaporisation from the body and a cooling effectresults. Hair and Erector pili MusclesWhen the body temperature lowers the erector pili muscles arestimulated to contract. This makes the hairs to stand erect on thebody surface, thus trapping more air. Air, being a bad conductor ofheat insulates the body against heat loss AUTHOR.


Water in the sweat evaporates AUTHOR latent heat of vaporisation from the body and a cooling effectresults. Hair and Erector pili MusclesWhen the body temperature lowers the erector pili muscles arestimulated to contract. This makes the hairs to stand erect on thebody surface, thus trapping more air. Air, being a bad conductor ofheat insulates the body against heat loss AUTHOR , when it is hot the erector pili muscle relaxes,thus trapping little air hence heat can be lost from the body surface. Blood VesselsWhen body temperature lowers blood vessels in the skin constrict vasoconstriction and blood is diverted to a shunt system. Thisreduces blood flow to the skin and more blood is stored in thespleen as an adaptation to lose less heat. Dilation of blood vessels vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin encouraging heatloss when body temperature is too high. NAME : Thick subcutaneous fat is a good insulatoragainst heat loss. Animals in cold areas have thick subcutaneousfatty layers for this purpose. Organisms in warm areas have thinfatty layer to encourage more heat loss to environment. Once the temperature changes are detected AUTHOR , the hypothalamus sends impulses to the appropriateresponding tissues of the skin that responds as shown in figure 4.9.One feature characteristic of mammals is that they arehomoiotherms endotherms . This refers to the fact their bodytemperature is maintained at a constant body temperature despitewide fluctuations in the temperature of the external environment. Lower vertebrates and invertebrates have a body temperature thatdepends much more on the external temperature. Their bodytemperatures are within a few degrees of that of the environment. These animals are called poikilotherms ectotherms . One majorproblem facing these animals is how to conserve this heat andmaintain an optimum body temperature. Homoiotherms and poikilotherms gain or lose heat throughtheir body surfaces skin AUTHOR , conduction, convection and evaporation. Animals regulate their body temperature AUTHOR their body temperature mainly byphysiological activities. These includes, depending on internalsources of heat. Because of this, they are described asendothermic.


One majorproblem facing these animals is how to conserve this heat andmaintain an optimum body temperature. Homoiotherms and poikilotherms gain or lose heat throughtheir body surfaces skin AUTHOR , conduction, convection and evaporation. Animals regulate their body temperature AUTHOR their body temperature mainly byphysiological activities. These includes, depending on internalsources of heat. Because of this, they are described asendothermic. Poikilotherms rely more on heat derived from theenvironment than metabolic heat in order to raise their bodytemperature and are described as ectothermic. Metabolic activities of the body are increased to raise heatproduction when the body temperature is low. These metabolicactivities are lowered when the body temperature is to be lowered. Shivering is an involuntary rhythm of contraction of muscles thatserves to generate heat during low temperatures. It is initiated bythe hypothalamus. Fig. 4.9: A homeostatic control of body temperature in a mammalIncreased metabolic rate of the liver generates extra heatwhich is distributed throughout the body. Insulatory mechanisms also control the extent of heat gainor heat loss through the physical processes of heat transfer. Theseinclude hair movements, sweating and dilation or constriction ofsuperficial blood vessels as shown in the flow chart in figure 4.9.There are many behavioural activities that organismsperform in order to regulate body temperature. These areclustering, coiling, putting on heavy clothes, burrowing, basking,migrating, hibernation and aestivation. Migration is seen in manyhomoitherms and poikilotherms where there is a movementcovering long distances AUTHOR avoid unfavourableclimatic factors or food shortage. Other animals hibernate go intodeep sleep due to cold conditions or aestivate go into deep sleepdue to dry and hot conditions to avoid the harsh environmentalconditions. Ectotherms or poikilotherms have bodies that easily gain orlose heat from or to the enviroment. They will move toenvironments where temperature is close to their optimum. Lizardsand snakes, bask on rocks in order to warm their bodies on cool,sunny mornings. Heat is gained through conduction and radiation. On hot days they move to cooler places in burrows or under shades. Body size and heat lossThe amount of heat produced AUTHOR animalbody is proportional to its mass.


They will move toenvironments where temperature is close to their optimum. Lizardsand snakes, bask on rocks in order to warm their bodies on cool,sunny mornings. Heat is gained through conduction and radiation. On hot days they move to cooler places in burrows or under shades. Body size and heat lossThe amount of heat produced AUTHOR animalbody is proportional to its mass. Large animals produce more heatthan smaller ones. However, the rate of heat loss from the animalbody is directly proportional to its surface area to volume ratio. Large animals have a smaller surface area to volume ratiocompared to small animals e.g. the surface area to volume ratio ofan adult elephant is about 70 times smaller than that of a rat. Thismeans that each cubic unit of a rat s body has 70 times more areaavailable for heat loss as compared to an elephant. A rat willtherefore lose body heat much faster than an elephant. It follows that in order to maintain a given body temperature,smaller animals will require to raise their metabolic rate to a muchhigher level than large animals. Therefore the smaller animalsrequire a plentiful supply of food to provide the necessaryrespiratory substrates. In addition to the mechanisms outlined above animals alsohave developed adaptive features that help in body temperatureregulation. These are structural adaptations which control theextent of heat loss or gain on a long term basis. They includepossession of fur or hair and large quantities subcutaneous fatlayers as in the polar bear. Desert animals like the camel possesstissues tolerant to high temperatures. Study Question4. People in the tropics tend to be thin and tall compared to thosein the arctic regions who tend to be short and plump. Account forthese observations in relation to body temperature regulation. Osmoregulation Water and NAME The relative amounts of water and solutes in the blood, tissue fluidand protoplasm determine their osmotic pressure. If the osmoticpressure of these fluids were to change, drastic events would occursuch that metabolic activities of the cells would be hampered.


People in the tropics tend to be thin and tall compared to thosein the arctic regions who tend to be short and plump. Account forthese observations in relation to body temperature regulation. Osmoregulation Water and NAME The relative amounts of water and solutes in the blood, tissue fluidand protoplasm determine their osmotic pressure. If the osmoticpressure of these fluids were to change, drastic events would occursuch that metabolic activities of the cells would be hampered. Forexample, if the osmotic pressure of the tissue fluid falls below thatof cells, the cells will take in water AUTHOR , swell and may burst. On the other hand, cells would lose water and shrink if the osmoticpressure of tissue fluid was higher than that of the cells. Osmoregulation attempts to maintain an optimum osmotic pressurein the body tissues and fluids that is favourable to normalfunctioning of cells. The body gains water through drinking, food taken in andmetabolic water and loses through sweat, faeces, urine and exhaledair. These losses and gains produce corresponding changes in thequantities of salts and water. The balance is mainly carried out bythe kidney and neuro-endocrine hypothalamus and pituitary gland system. When the osmotic pressure of the blood rises as a result ofdehydration, the hypothalamus is stimulated and sends impulsesto the pituitary gland which releases a hormone called antidiuretichormone ADH or vasopressin into the blood. On reaching thekidney, the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules becomemore permeable to water which is then reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Consequently the osmotic pressure of the blood is loweredand concentrated urine is produced. When the osmotic pressure ofthe blood falls due to a large intake of water, the pituitary gland isless stimulated. This results to reduced release of ADH into theblood stream. The kidney tubules become less permeable to waterand less reabsorption of water into blood stream takes place. Theosmotic pressure of blood rises and dilute urine is produced. Regulation of Ionic ContentSalts dissolve in water and then undergo dissociation to form ions. For example sodium chloride forms sodium Na and chloride Cl- ions.


This results to reduced release of ADH into theblood stream. The kidney tubules become less permeable to waterand less reabsorption of water into blood stream takes place. Theosmotic pressure of blood rises and dilute urine is produced. Regulation of Ionic ContentSalts dissolve in water and then undergo dissociation to form ions. For example sodium chloride forms sodium Na and chloride Cl- ions. These ions and many others such as potassium K ,magnesium Mg2 , calcium Ca2 and phosphates PO4 3- areimportant in body processes like protein synthesis, respiration,nervous co-ordination and muscle contraction. Their balance in bodymust be regulated within narrow ranges of their optimumconcentrations for efficient functioning of these processes. A hormone called aldosterone, which is produced AUTHOR , regulates the level of sodium ions. When the level of sodiumions is low in the blood, adrenal glands are stimulated to releasealdosterone into the blood which then stimulate loop of Henle ofkidney and the gut to reabsorb sodium ion into the blood. If thesodium ions concentration in the blood rises above optimum level,adrenal glands produce less aldosterone into the blood and lessamounts of sodium ions are absorbed. It should be realised that assodium ions are absorbed in the blood, chloride ions follow in orderto neutralise the charge on the sodium ions. Diabetes InsipidusWhen the pituitary gland is unable to produce antidiuretic hormoneor produces it in inadequate amount, the kidney tubules are unableto reabsorb water from the glomerular filtrate. This leads toproduction of a large amount of dilute urine a condition known asdiuresis . The patient becomes dehydrated and has to compensatefor the loss AUTHOR water. NAME of the Skin in Salt and Water balanceAlthough the skin is not the main organ of osmoregulation, it hassweat glands which secrete waste products of metabolism such aswater, mineral salts especially sodium chloride. These wastes arelost in form of sweat through the pores in the skin. About 99 of the sweat is water while the remaining 1 ismainly mineral salts. The water and mineral salts lost in the sweatcontribute to osmotic changes of the body cells and fluids.


The patient becomes dehydrated and has to compensatefor the loss AUTHOR water. NAME of the Skin in Salt and Water balanceAlthough the skin is not the main organ of osmoregulation, it hassweat glands which secrete waste products of metabolism such aswater, mineral salts especially sodium chloride. These wastes arelost in form of sweat through the pores in the skin. About 99 of the sweat is water while the remaining 1 ismainly mineral salts. The water and mineral salts lost in the sweatcontribute to osmotic changes of the body cells and fluids. On a hotday, the body loses a lot of water and some mineral salts, resultingin a sensation of thirst being felt due to tissue dehydration. Theosmotic balance is, however, restored AUTHOR , and intake of mineral salts in the diet. Regulation of NAME sugars, galactose and fructose taken to the liver from thealimentary canal AUTHOR converted to glucose. Glucose is then broken down to release energy and excess isconverted to glycogen and stored in the liver or converted into fatsand stored in adipose tissues. Some glucose flows in the generalcirculation of blood and is maintained within a narrow range of 90to 100 mg per 100 cm3 of blood. Fluctuations do occur due to largesupply or increased utilisation of glucose. The liver carries out the control of these events through twohormones produced AUTHOR glucagon arethe two pancreatic hormones produced AUTHOR thepancreas in the islets of langerhans and released into the bloodstream. Their effects are carried out in the liver. Functions of insulinin many cases are antagonistic to those of glucagon. For example,high concentration of insulin in the liver converts excess glucose toglycogen for storage, inhibits change of glycogen to glucose,converts glucose into fats and increases breakdown of glucose torelease energy. Glucagon at high concentration increasesbreakdown of glycogen into glucose, also fats, proteins and aminoacids to glucose. Generally insulin tends to lower glucoseconcentration in the blood while glucagon increases it. It alsomeans that a low sugar content in the blood stream stimulatespancreas to release glycagon and inhibits production of insulin andvice versa.


4.11 a Name the structures labelled A to F. b i Explain how the hair in human beings helps in keepingthe body warm. Ii Explain other methods AUTHOR to keep thebody warm.2. Figure 4.12 illustrates a mammalian nephron. Use it to answerthe questions that follow. A Explain what happens to the concentration of sodium ionsbetween 1 and 2. B What would happen to the functioning of portion 3 in theabsence of anti-diuretic hormone ADH . C What would happen at point 4 if there was partialconstriction at point 5? D Suggest adaptive structural differences between nephronsof a desert animal for example, kangaroo rat, and those of afresh water fish, for example tilapia. Fig. 4.123. A State two advantages which a constant temperature givesmammals and birds over other animals. B How does body size affect heat loss in an animal? C How does sweating increase heat loss in mammal? 4. The graph on page 105 shows the relation ship between skintemperature, hypothalamic temperature and rate of energy lossby evaporation for a person in a warm chamber kept at 40OC.The person drank iced water at the points labelled X, Y, Z. a Suggest one reason why the temperature and evaporationrate remained relatively constant during the first 20minutes. B From the graphs, explain the relationships betweenhypothalamic temperature and rate of sweating. C Suggest why the skin temperature rises shortly afterdrinking iced water. Ei so amma sf 94 iow omyFig. 4.13Fig. 4.145. A What is homeostasis? B Explain the homeostatic role of kidney in mammals.6. The quantity of urine passed per day in four mammals of thesame species, in their natural habitats was S, T, U and V. Theresults are shown in figure 4.14.Which of the four animals is likely to be living in a fresh waterlake? Explain the reasons for your answer.7. The surface area to volume ratio of three animals A, B and Cwas determined. The amount of urine produced per hour bythese animals in a specific habitat was also determined. The results are as shown in the table below.


Explain the reasons for your answer.7. The surface area to volume ratio of three animals A, B and Cwas determined. The amount of urine produced per hour bythese animals in a specific habitat was also determined. The results are as shown in the table below. Study the data and; a Plot three graphs on the same axis of the amount of urineproduced against time. B Name the animal that is likely to be more active at anygiven time. Give reasons for your answer. C Which animal is likely to lose less water in a desertenvironment?8. A Describe how carbon IV oxide is removed from the bloodin the lungs. B Explain the role of the kidney in the purification of blood.9. A Explain the term excretion and name the parts that carryout the excretory process in fresh water porotozoa, insects,fish and mammals. B List the excretory products produced AUTHOR named above in each organism.10. Using named examples, explain how animals regulate theirbody temperature and relate this to their body size.11. The internal environment of an organism requires to be keptconstant for the survival of the organism. Discuss.12. Explain the cause of diabetes mellitus. How can it be controlled?13. Explain the role of the following in homeostasis: a Skin. B Liver. C Hypothalamus.14. What is the difference between homoitherms and ectotherms poikilotherms ? 15. A Name the conditions under which urine production isincreased in mammals. B What is meant AUTHOR ? C What is diabetes insipidus? D Describe how the kidney functions as an osmoregulatoryorgan.16. Name two common diseases that affect the liver and the kidney. For each of the diseases given above, describe the mode ofinfection and control measures.17. A Name any four organic waste products in plants. B Describe the mechanisms of excretion AUTHOR.


B What is meant AUTHOR ? C What is diabetes insipidus? D Describe how the kidney functions as an osmoregulatoryorgan.16. Name two common diseases that affect the liver and the kidney. For each of the diseases given above, describe the mode ofinfection and control measures.17. A Name any four organic waste products in plants. B Describe the mechanisms of excretion AUTHOR Water 7Active Transport 1, 8Acute Bronchitis 68Adenosine Triphosphate 74, 75Adhesive Force 12Adrenal Glands 103Aerenchyma Tissue 52Aerobic Respiration 74Aestivate 100Agglutinins 35Agranulocytes 34Aldosterone 92, 101Allergic Reactions 42Anaerobic Respiration 77Angiosperms 11Antibodies 40Anti-coagulant 37Antidiuretic Hormone 92Antigens 40Aorta 19Apical Meristem 3Application of NAME 78Arteries 25Arteriosclerosis 32Artificial NAME 40Artificial NAME 41Asthma 67Atrio-ventricular Valve 22Attenuation 41Behavioural Activities 100Blood 18Blood NAME 36Blood Groups 36 NAME 37Bowman s Capsule 90Bronchitis 68Caffeine 84Cannabis 84Capillaries 25Capillarity 12Capillary Attraction 9Carboxyhaemoglobin 34Cardiac Muscles 21, 24Carriers 9Chlorenchyma 6Chronic Bronchitis 68Circulation in the Heart 22Circulatory System 18Cocaine 84Cohesion Force 9, 12Colchicine 84Collecting Tubule 90Companion Cell 17Composition of Blood 32Concentration Gradient 7, 8Contractile Vacuoles 85Cornified Layer 86Cortex 4, 6Cortex Collenchyma 6Counter NAME 57, 92Cristae 74Cuticular Transpiration 9Deamination 95Defects of NAME 31Dermis 85Detoxification 95Diabetes Insipidus 101Diabetes Mellitus 103Diaphragm 61Diastole 23Dicotyledon Roots 4Dicotyledon Stem 7 NAME 3Diffusion 1Diffusion 48Diffusion, 9Diseases of the NAME 67Drug Abuse 84Egestion 83Endodermis 4Epidermis 6, 85Erector NAME 87, 98Ethyl Alcohol 75Excretion and Homeostasis 83Excretion in Animals 85Excretion in Plants 83Excretory Products 84Expiratory NAME 65Fermentation 77Function of lenticels 52Function of NAME 88Gaseous Exchange 48Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians 58Gaseous Exchange in Animals 53Gaseous Exchange in Insects 54Gaseous Exchange in Mammals 59Gaseous Exchange in Plants 48, 51Gaseous Exchange in Protozoa 53Gill Filaments 56Gill Rakers 56Gills 85Glomerular Filtrate 91Glomerulus 90Glucagon 102Glycolysis 75Grafts 43Granular layer 86Granulocytes 34Guard Cells 50Gum Arabica 84Gymnosperms 11Haemocoel 18Haemoglobin elimination 95Haemolytic Disease 38Heartbeat 24Hepatic vortal vein 94Hepatitis 96Hibernate 100Higher Organisms 1Homeostasis 83Homeostasis 97Homoiotherms 99Human NAME AIDS 37Hydrophytes 51Hypertension 32Hypothalamus 98, 101Immune Responses 40Importance of NAME 48Insulatory mechanisms 100Insulin 102, 103Internal Respiration 73Islets of Langerhans 102Khat 84Kidney 85Kidney Diseases 93Kidney Failure 93Kidney Stones 93Lactic Acid 75Leaf Fall 13Lenticular Transpiration 9Lignin 7Liver 85Liver Diseases 96Liver structure 93Loop of Henle 90, 92Lower Organisms 1Lung Cancer 69Lung Volumes 65Lungs 85Lymph 39 NAME 38Lymphatic System 38Lysins 35Malpighian Layer 86Mammalian NAME 19Mammalian Skin 85Means of Transport 1Mechanism of Breathing 61Medulla Oblongata 65Mineral Salts 8, 9Mitochondria 74Monocotyledon Roots 4Monocotyledon Stem 3, 7Myogenic 24Negative Feedback 97Nephridia 85Nephritis 93Nephron 98, 90Nephron in Excretion 90Operculum 56Opsonins 35Organ Transplants 43Organic Products of Photosynthesis 17Osmoregulation 100Osmosis 1, 7, 9Osmotic Pressure 7Oxygen Debt 77Oxyhaemoglobin 33Pacemaker 24Pancreas 102Papain 84Parenchyma Tissue 6Pericardium 21Pericycle 4Phagocytes 34Phloem 1, 4, 17Piliferous Layer 4Pith 7Plasma 32Platelets 35Platyhelminthes 85Pneumatophores 52Pneumonia 69Poikilotherms 99Polymorphs 34Positive Feedback 98Posterior NAME 29Potometer 16Primary Functions of Roots 2Principles of Homeostasis 97Products of Photosynthesis 7Products of Photosynthesis 17Protein Fibrils 17Protozoa 84Proximal convoluted tubule 90Pteridophytes 11Pulmonary Circulation 19Pulmonary Tuberculosis 69Quinine 84Red NAME 33Regulation of NAME 101Regulation of NAME 95Reserve Volume 65Respiration 73Respiratory Quotient 80Respiratory Substrates 79Respiratory Surface 48Rhesus Factor 38Root Cap 3Root NAME 4, 7, 8Root HairsRoot Pressure 9, 12Rubber 84Sclerenchyma 6Sebaceous Glands 87Second Phase 76Semilunar Valves 22Sieve Plates 17Significance of Respiration 12, 74Sino NAME 24Skin and Thermo-regulation 98Specialised Stems 5Spiracles 54Spongy Mesophyll 9, 10Stem 5, 6Stomata 50Stomata and Habitats of Plants 51Stomatal Transpiration 9Structure of the Heart 22Subcutaneous Layer 87, 99Suberised Epidermis 4Supply of Materials 1Sweat Glands 87, 98Systemic Circulation.


Name two common diseases that affect the liver and the kidney. For each of the diseases given above, describe the mode ofinfection and control measures.17. A Name any four organic waste products in plants. B Describe the mechanisms of excretion AUTHOR Water 7Active Transport 1, 8Acute Bronchitis 68Adenosine Triphosphate 74, 75Adhesive Force 12Adrenal Glands 103Aerenchyma Tissue 52Aerobic Respiration 74Aestivate 100Agglutinins 35Agranulocytes 34Aldosterone 92, 101Allergic Reactions 42Anaerobic Respiration 77Angiosperms 11Antibodies 40Anti-coagulant 37Antidiuretic Hormone 92Antigens 40Aorta 19Apical Meristem 3Application of NAME 78Arteries 25Arteriosclerosis 32Artificial NAME 40Artificial NAME 41Asthma 67Atrio-ventricular Valve 22Attenuation 41Behavioural Activities 100Blood 18Blood NAME 36Blood Groups 36 NAME 37Bowman s Capsule 90Bronchitis 68Caffeine 84Cannabis 84Capillaries 25Capillarity 12Capillary Attraction 9Carboxyhaemoglobin 34Cardiac Muscles 21, 24Carriers 9Chlorenchyma 6Chronic Bronchitis 68Circulation in the Heart 22Circulatory System 18Cocaine 84Cohesion Force 9, 12Colchicine 84Collecting Tubule 90Companion Cell 17Composition of Blood 32Concentration Gradient 7, 8Contractile Vacuoles 85Cornified Layer 86Cortex 4, 6Cortex Collenchyma 6Counter NAME 57, 92Cristae 74Cuticular Transpiration 9Deamination 95Defects of NAME 31Dermis 85Detoxification 95Diabetes Insipidus 101Diabetes Mellitus 103Diaphragm 61Diastole 23Dicotyledon Roots 4Dicotyledon Stem 7 NAME 3Diffusion 1Diffusion 48Diffusion, 9Diseases of the NAME 67Drug Abuse 84Egestion 83Endodermis 4Epidermis 6, 85Erector NAME 87, 98Ethyl Alcohol 75Excretion and Homeostasis 83Excretion in Animals 85Excretion in Plants 83Excretory Products 84Expiratory NAME 65Fermentation 77Function of lenticels 52Function of NAME 88Gaseous Exchange 48Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians 58Gaseous Exchange in Animals 53Gaseous Exchange in Insects 54Gaseous Exchange in Mammals 59Gaseous Exchange in Plants 48, 51Gaseous Exchange in Protozoa 53Gill Filaments 56Gill Rakers 56Gills 85Glomerular Filtrate 91Glomerulus 90Glucagon 102Glycolysis 75Grafts 43Granular layer 86Granulocytes 34Guard Cells 50Gum Arabica 84Gymnosperms 11Haemocoel 18Haemoglobin elimination 95Haemolytic Disease 38Heartbeat 24Hepatic vortal vein 94Hepatitis 96Hibernate 100Higher Organisms 1Homeostasis 83Homeostasis 97Homoiotherms 99Human NAME AIDS 37Hydrophytes 51Hypertension 32Hypothalamus 98, 101Immune Responses 40Importance of NAME 48Insulatory mechanisms 100Insulin 102, 103Internal Respiration 73Islets of Langerhans 102Khat 84Kidney 85Kidney Diseases 93Kidney Failure 93Kidney Stones 93Lactic Acid 75Leaf Fall 13Lenticular Transpiration 9Lignin 7Liver 85Liver Diseases 96Liver structure 93Loop of Henle 90, 92Lower Organisms 1Lung Cancer 69Lung Volumes 65Lungs 85Lymph 39 NAME 38Lymphatic System 38Lysins 35Malpighian Layer 86Mammalian NAME 19Mammalian Skin 85Means of Transport 1Mechanism of Breathing 61Medulla Oblongata 65Mineral Salts 8, 9Mitochondria 74Monocotyledon Roots 4Monocotyledon Stem 3, 7Myogenic 24Negative Feedback 97Nephridia 85Nephritis 93Nephron 98, 90Nephron in Excretion 90Operculum 56Opsonins 35Organ Transplants 43Organic Products of Photosynthesis 17Osmoregulation 100Osmosis 1, 7, 9Osmotic Pressure 7Oxygen Debt 77Oxyhaemoglobin 33Pacemaker 24Pancreas 102Papain 84Parenchyma Tissue 6Pericardium 21Pericycle 4Phagocytes 34Phloem 1, 4, 17Piliferous Layer 4Pith 7Plasma 32Platelets 35Platyhelminthes 85Pneumatophores 52Pneumonia 69Poikilotherms 99Polymorphs 34Positive Feedback 98Posterior NAME 29Potometer 16Primary Functions of Roots 2Principles of Homeostasis 97Products of Photosynthesis 7Products of Photosynthesis 17Protein Fibrils 17Protozoa 84Proximal convoluted tubule 90Pteridophytes 11Pulmonary Circulation 19Pulmonary Tuberculosis 69Quinine 84Red NAME 33Regulation of NAME 101Regulation of NAME 95Reserve Volume 65Respiration 73Respiratory Quotient 80Respiratory Substrates 79Respiratory Surface 48Rhesus Factor 38Root Cap 3Root NAME 4, 7, 8Root HairsRoot Pressure 9, 12Rubber 84Sclerenchyma 6Sebaceous Glands 87Second Phase 76Semilunar Valves 22Sieve Plates 17Significance of Respiration 12, 74Sino NAME 24Skin and Thermo-regulation 98Specialised Stems 5Spiracles 54Spongy Mesophyll 9, 10Stem 5, 6Stomata 50Stomata and Habitats of Plants 51Stomatal Transpiration 9Structure of the Heart 22Subcutaneous Layer 87, 99Suberised Epidermis 4Supply of Materials 1Sweat Glands 87, 98Systemic Circulation. 19Systole 23, 36Thermoregulation 95Thromboplastin 36Thrombosis 31Tissue Fluid 39Tissue Respiration 73, 74Trachea 59Tracheal System 55Tracheids 10Tracheoles 54Translocation of NAME 17Transpiration 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 52Transpiration Pull 11Transpiration Rate 14Transpiration Stream 9, 11Transport 1Transport NAME 18Transport NAME 18Transport of Substances 1Types of Immunity 40Types of Respiration 74Ultra Filtration 25, 26Ultrafiltration 91 NAME 37Universal Recipient 37Uptake of NAME 2Vaccination 41Varicose Veins 32Vascular Bundle 1, 3, 4, 7Veins 25Ventricles 22Venules 27Vessels 10White NAME 34Xerophytes 51Xylem 1, 4, 10Xylem Vessels 10Xylem Vessels 7Zone of NAME 3 NAME Book s a well witonbiology book hat aime at equipping students with knowledge, attudes and ils that can enable them explo tho environment responseis the second book in the secondary biology seras published AUTHOR.


A Name any four organic waste products in plants. B Describe the mechanisms of excretion AUTHOR Water 7Active Transport 1, 8Acute Bronchitis 68Adenosine Triphosphate 74, 75Adhesive Force 12Adrenal Glands 103Aerenchyma Tissue 52Aerobic Respiration 74Aestivate 100Agglutinins 35Agranulocytes 34Aldosterone 92, 101Allergic Reactions 42Anaerobic Respiration 77Angiosperms 11Antibodies 40Anti-coagulant 37Antidiuretic Hormone 92Antigens 40Aorta 19Apical Meristem 3Application of NAME 78Arteries 25Arteriosclerosis 32Artificial NAME 40Artificial NAME 41Asthma 67Atrio-ventricular Valve 22Attenuation 41Behavioural Activities 100Blood 18Blood NAME 36Blood Groups 36 NAME 37Bowman s Capsule 90Bronchitis 68Caffeine 84Cannabis 84Capillaries 25Capillarity 12Capillary Attraction 9Carboxyhaemoglobin 34Cardiac Muscles 21, 24Carriers 9Chlorenchyma 6Chronic Bronchitis 68Circulation in the Heart 22Circulatory System 18Cocaine 84Cohesion Force 9, 12Colchicine 84Collecting Tubule 90Companion Cell 17Composition of Blood 32Concentration Gradient 7, 8Contractile Vacuoles 85Cornified Layer 86Cortex 4, 6Cortex Collenchyma 6Counter NAME 57, 92Cristae 74Cuticular Transpiration 9Deamination 95Defects of NAME 31Dermis 85Detoxification 95Diabetes Insipidus 101Diabetes Mellitus 103Diaphragm 61Diastole 23Dicotyledon Roots 4Dicotyledon Stem 7 NAME 3Diffusion 1Diffusion 48Diffusion, 9Diseases of the NAME 67Drug Abuse 84Egestion 83Endodermis 4Epidermis 6, 85Erector NAME 87, 98Ethyl Alcohol 75Excretion and Homeostasis 83Excretion in Animals 85Excretion in Plants 83Excretory Products 84Expiratory NAME 65Fermentation 77Function of lenticels 52Function of NAME 88Gaseous Exchange 48Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians 58Gaseous Exchange in Animals 53Gaseous Exchange in Insects 54Gaseous Exchange in Mammals 59Gaseous Exchange in Plants 48, 51Gaseous Exchange in Protozoa 53Gill Filaments 56Gill Rakers 56Gills 85Glomerular Filtrate 91Glomerulus 90Glucagon 102Glycolysis 75Grafts 43Granular layer 86Granulocytes 34Guard Cells 50Gum Arabica 84Gymnosperms 11Haemocoel 18Haemoglobin elimination 95Haemolytic Disease 38Heartbeat 24Hepatic vortal vein 94Hepatitis 96Hibernate 100Higher Organisms 1Homeostasis 83Homeostasis 97Homoiotherms 99Human NAME AIDS 37Hydrophytes 51Hypertension 32Hypothalamus 98, 101Immune Responses 40Importance of NAME 48Insulatory mechanisms 100Insulin 102, 103Internal Respiration 73Islets of Langerhans 102Khat 84Kidney 85Kidney Diseases 93Kidney Failure 93Kidney Stones 93Lactic Acid 75Leaf Fall 13Lenticular Transpiration 9Lignin 7Liver 85Liver Diseases 96Liver structure 93Loop of Henle 90, 92Lower Organisms 1Lung Cancer 69Lung Volumes 65Lungs 85Lymph 39 NAME 38Lymphatic System 38Lysins 35Malpighian Layer 86Mammalian NAME 19Mammalian Skin 85Means of Transport 1Mechanism of Breathing 61Medulla Oblongata 65Mineral Salts 8, 9Mitochondria 74Monocotyledon Roots 4Monocotyledon Stem 3, 7Myogenic 24Negative Feedback 97Nephridia 85Nephritis 93Nephron 98, 90Nephron in Excretion 90Operculum 56Opsonins 35Organ Transplants 43Organic Products of Photosynthesis 17Osmoregulation 100Osmosis 1, 7, 9Osmotic Pressure 7Oxygen Debt 77Oxyhaemoglobin 33Pacemaker 24Pancreas 102Papain 84Parenchyma Tissue 6Pericardium 21Pericycle 4Phagocytes 34Phloem 1, 4, 17Piliferous Layer 4Pith 7Plasma 32Platelets 35Platyhelminthes 85Pneumatophores 52Pneumonia 69Poikilotherms 99Polymorphs 34Positive Feedback 98Posterior NAME 29Potometer 16Primary Functions of Roots 2Principles of Homeostasis 97Products of Photosynthesis 7Products of Photosynthesis 17Protein Fibrils 17Protozoa 84Proximal convoluted tubule 90Pteridophytes 11Pulmonary Circulation 19Pulmonary Tuberculosis 69Quinine 84Red NAME 33Regulation of NAME 101Regulation of NAME 95Reserve Volume 65Respiration 73Respiratory Quotient 80Respiratory Substrates 79Respiratory Surface 48Rhesus Factor 38Root Cap 3Root NAME 4, 7, 8Root HairsRoot Pressure 9, 12Rubber 84Sclerenchyma 6Sebaceous Glands 87Second Phase 76Semilunar Valves 22Sieve Plates 17Significance of Respiration 12, 74Sino NAME 24Skin and Thermo-regulation 98Specialised Stems 5Spiracles 54Spongy Mesophyll 9, 10Stem 5, 6Stomata 50Stomata and Habitats of Plants 51Stomatal Transpiration 9Structure of the Heart 22Subcutaneous Layer 87, 99Suberised Epidermis 4Supply of Materials 1Sweat Glands 87, 98Systemic Circulation. 19Systole 23, 36Thermoregulation 95Thromboplastin 36Thrombosis 31Tissue Fluid 39Tissue Respiration 73, 74Trachea 59Tracheal System 55Tracheids 10Tracheoles 54Translocation of NAME 17Transpiration 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 52Transpiration Pull 11Transpiration Rate 14Transpiration Stream 9, 11Transport 1Transport NAME 18Transport NAME 18Transport of Substances 1Types of Immunity 40Types of Respiration 74Ultra Filtration 25, 26Ultrafiltration 91 NAME 37Universal Recipient 37Uptake of NAME 2Vaccination 41Varicose Veins 32Vascular Bundle 1, 3, 4, 7Veins 25Ventricles 22Venules 27Vessels 10White NAME 34Xerophytes 51Xylem 1, 4, 10Xylem Vessels 10Xylem Vessels 7Zone of NAME 3 NAME Book s a well witonbiology book hat aime at equipping students with knowledge, attudes and ils that can enable them explo tho environment responseis the second book in the secondary biology seras published AUTHOR adopts the TUPAC system of naming Tho content isin four broad topics namely: Transport in plants animals, Gaseous exchange, Respiration and.


IndexAbsorption of Water 7Active Transport 1, 8Acute Bronchitis 68Adenosine Triphosphate 74, 75Adhesive Force 12Adrenal Glands 103Aerenchyma Tissue 52Aerobic Respiration 74Aestivate 100Agglutinins 35Agranulocytes 34Aldosterone 92, 101Allergic Reactions 42Anaerobic Respiration 77Angiosperms 11Antibodies 40Anti-coagulant 37Antidiuretic Hormone 92Antigens 40Aorta 19Apical Meristem 3Application of NAME 78Arteries 25Arteriosclerosis 32Artificial NAME 40Artificial NAME 41Asthma 67Atrio-ventricular Valve 22Attenuation 41Behavioural Activities 100Blood 18Blood NAME 36Blood Groups 36 NAME 37Bowman s Capsule 90Bronchitis 68Caffeine 84Cannabis 84Capillaries 25Capillarity 12Capillary Attraction 9Carboxyhaemoglobin 34Cardiac Muscles 21, 24Carriers 9Chlorenchyma 6Chronic Bronchitis 68Circulation in the Heart 22Circulatory System 18Cocaine 84Cohesion Force 9, 12Colchicine 84Collecting Tubule 90Companion Cell 17Composition of Blood 32Concentration Gradient 7, 8Contractile Vacuoles 85Cornified Layer 86Cortex 4, 6Cortex Collenchyma 6Counter NAME 57, 92Cristae 74Cuticular Transpiration 9Deamination 95Defects of NAME 31Dermis 85Detoxification 95Diabetes Insipidus 101Diabetes Mellitus 103Diaphragm 61Diastole 23Dicotyledon Roots 4Dicotyledon Stem 7 NAME 3Diffusion 1Diffusion 48Diffusion, 9Diseases of the NAME 67Drug Abuse 84Egestion 83Endodermis 4Epidermis 6, 85Erector NAME 87, 98Ethyl Alcohol 75Excretion and Homeostasis 83Excretion in Animals 85Excretion in Plants 83Excretory Products 84Expiratory NAME 65Fermentation 77Function of lenticels 52Function of NAME 88Gaseous Exchange 48Gaseous Exchange in Amphibians 58Gaseous Exchange in Animals 53Gaseous Exchange in Insects 54Gaseous Exchange in Mammals 59Gaseous Exchange in Plants 48, 51Gaseous Exchange in Protozoa 53Gill Filaments 56Gill Rakers 56Gills 85Glomerular Filtrate 91Glomerulus 90Glucagon 102Glycolysis 75Grafts 43Granular layer 86Granulocytes 34Guard Cells 50Gum Arabica 84Gymnosperms 11Haemocoel 18Haemoglobin elimination 95Haemolytic Disease 38Heartbeat 24Hepatic vortal vein 94Hepatitis 96Hibernate 100Higher Organisms 1Homeostasis 83Homeostasis 97Homoiotherms 99Human NAME AIDS 37Hydrophytes 51Hypertension 32Hypothalamus 98, 101Immune Responses 40Importance of NAME 48Insulatory mechanisms 100Insulin 102, 103Internal Respiration 73Islets of Langerhans 102Khat 84Kidney 85Kidney Diseases 93Kidney Failure 93Kidney Stones 93Lactic Acid 75Leaf Fall 13Lenticular Transpiration 9Lignin 7Liver 85Liver Diseases 96Liver structure 93Loop of Henle 90, 92Lower Organisms 1Lung Cancer 69Lung Volumes 65Lungs 85Lymph 39 NAME 38Lymphatic System 38Lysins 35Malpighian Layer 86Mammalian NAME 19Mammalian Skin 85Means of Transport 1Mechanism of Breathing 61Medulla Oblongata 65Mineral Salts 8, 9Mitochondria 74Monocotyledon Roots 4Monocotyledon Stem 3, 7Myogenic 24Negative Feedback 97Nephridia 85Nephritis 93Nephron 98, 90Nephron in Excretion 90Operculum 56Opsonins 35Organ Transplants 43Organic Products of Photosynthesis 17Osmoregulation 100Osmosis 1, 7, 9Osmotic Pressure 7Oxygen Debt 77Oxyhaemoglobin 33Pacemaker 24Pancreas 102Papain 84Parenchyma Tissue 6Pericardium 21Pericycle 4Phagocytes 34Phloem 1, 4, 17Piliferous Layer 4Pith 7Plasma 32Platelets 35Platyhelminthes 85Pneumatophores 52Pneumonia 69Poikilotherms 99Polymorphs 34Positive Feedback 98Posterior NAME 29Potometer 16Primary Functions of Roots 2Principles of Homeostasis 97Products of Photosynthesis 7Products of Photosynthesis 17Protein Fibrils 17Protozoa 84Proximal convoluted tubule 90Pteridophytes 11Pulmonary Circulation 19Pulmonary Tuberculosis 69Quinine 84Red NAME 33Regulation of NAME 101Regulation of NAME 95Reserve Volume 65Respiration 73Respiratory Quotient 80Respiratory Substrates 79Respiratory Surface 48Rhesus Factor 38Root Cap 3Root NAME 4, 7, 8Root HairsRoot Pressure 9, 12Rubber 84Sclerenchyma 6Sebaceous Glands 87Second Phase 76Semilunar Valves 22Sieve Plates 17Significance of Respiration 12, 74Sino NAME 24Skin and Thermo-regulation 98Specialised Stems 5Spiracles 54Spongy Mesophyll 9, 10Stem 5, 6Stomata 50Stomata and Habitats of Plants 51Stomatal Transpiration 9Structure of the Heart 22Subcutaneous Layer 87, 99Suberised Epidermis 4Supply of Materials 1Sweat Glands 87, 98Systemic Circulation. 19Systole 23, 36Thermoregulation 95Thromboplastin 36Thrombosis 31Tissue Fluid 39Tissue Respiration 73, 74Trachea 59Tracheal System 55Tracheids 10Tracheoles 54Translocation of NAME 17Transpiration 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 52Transpiration Pull 11Transpiration Rate 14Transpiration Stream 9, 11Transport 1Transport NAME 18Transport NAME 18Transport of Substances 1Types of Immunity 40Types of Respiration 74Ultra Filtration 25, 26Ultrafiltration 91 NAME 37Universal Recipient 37Uptake of NAME 2Vaccination 41Varicose Veins 32Vascular Bundle 1, 3, 4, 7Veins 25Ventricles 22Venules 27Vessels 10White NAME 34Xerophytes 51Xylem 1, 4, 10Xylem Vessels 10Xylem Vessels 7Zone of NAME 3 NAME Book s a well witonbiology book hat aime at equipping students with knowledge, attudes and ils that can enable them explo tho environment responseis the second book in the secondary biology seras published AUTHOR adopts the TUPAC system of naming Tho content isin four broad topics namely: Transport in plants animals, Gaseous exchange, Respiration and. Exeretion, andHomeostasis, Topics ae inveduced n'a simple and precise language and relate to the knowodge ganed eater. To enhance easier understanding of conceps, terminologies areefined belore use.


19Systole 23, 36Thermoregulation 95Thromboplastin 36Thrombosis 31Tissue Fluid 39Tissue Respiration 73, 74Trachea 59Tracheal System 55Tracheids 10Tracheoles 54Translocation of NAME 17Transpiration 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 52Transpiration Pull 11Transpiration Rate 14Transpiration Stream 9, 11Transport 1Transport NAME 18Transport NAME 18Transport of Substances 1Types of Immunity 40Types of Respiration 74Ultra Filtration 25, 26Ultrafiltration 91 NAME 37Universal Recipient 37Uptake of NAME 2Vaccination 41Varicose Veins 32Vascular Bundle 1, 3, 4, 7Veins 25Ventricles 22Venules 27Vessels 10White NAME 34Xerophytes 51Xylem 1, 4, 10Xylem Vessels 10Xylem Vessels 7Zone of NAME 3 NAME Book s a well witonbiology book hat aime at equipping students with knowledge, attudes and ils that can enable them explo tho environment responseis the second book in the secondary biology seras published AUTHOR adopts the TUPAC system of naming Tho content isin four broad topics namely: Transport in plants animals, Gaseous exchange, Respiration and. Exeretion, andHomeostasis, Topics ae inveduced n'a simple and precise language and relate to the knowodge ganed eater. To enhance easier understanding of conceps, terminologies areefined belore use. Emerging issues such as environmentalCconcervaton and substance abuse ae also dealt with where they areolovant. Neat and procise Musrations have beon wisely Used tofenhance learning. Practical activiies and study questions arentogated within the subtopes at thet relevant teaching pons, Aso, at the end of each topic, there are revision question that assistthe leamers to evaluate themselves, Answers t0 all questions.


Emerging issues such as environmentalCconcervaton and substance abuse ae also dealt with where they areolovant. Neat and procise Musrations have beon wisely Used tofenhance learning. Practical activiies and study questions arentogated within the subtopes at thet relevant teaching pons, Aso, at the end of each topic, there are revision question that assistthe leamers to evaluate themselves, Answers t0 all questions.areprovided in the accompanying Teachers Guide. NAME Guide 9 e a lopcal approach 10 the teaching ofeach of the topics. NAME Book together with the Teachers Guide provide anexcellent interpretation ofthe curent 8.4.4 syllabusCover Photograph: Stunts display the vanspor systom in arab.